请稍等！！ http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/100602655.htmlTaking above into account, we have proposed two efficient techniques for the design of 1-D and 2-D variable filters, which are based on the decomposition of the given 1-D and 2-D variable magnitude specifications [3, 4].请考虑一下，我们假设用两种有效的方法来设计线形（1－D）的和平面（2－D）可变滤波器，这是根据给定的1－D与2－D可变幅度技术条件[3, 4]分解的。The techniques are very computationally efficient because they solely need designing a set of 1-D constant filters and approximating several 1-D polynomials.由于完全依赖设计一套1－D常量滤波器以及近似于数个1－D多项式，本技术是很有计算效率的。In particular, the techniques can always guarantee the stability of the resulting variable filters.特别是，本技术始终能够保证可变滤波器结果稳定性。However, in the 2-D case, the variable filters designed by such a technique are constrained to only have quadrantally symmetrical magnitude characteristics.然而，在平面条件下，用该技术设计的可变滤波器受到约束，仅仅只有象限幅度对称性。That is to say, assume that is the given 2-D variable magnitude specification, whereand are the normalized frequencies, and is a real valued vector whose elements are spectral parameters.也就是说，设： 为给定的2－D可变技术条件，式中 与 为标准化的频率，并且为值实向量，其要素为光谱参数。The technique [4] can only approximate the given 2-D variable magnitude specificationin the case.本技术[4]仅在这种情况下能够近似算出给定的2－D可变滤波器技术条件 。= (1)To circumvent this difficulty, this paper proposes a new method for designing 2-D variable digital filters with arbitrary magnitude characteristics.围绕这一难题，本文提出了一项新方法，用于设计2－D可变数字滤波器，带有任意幅度性能。In other words, the technique can approximate 2-D variable magnitude specifications even though换言之，虽然≠ (2)，本技术能够近似计算出2－D可变幅度滤波器。The technique is based on the decomposition of the given 2-D variable magnitude specifications, which is different from the one proposed in [4], and it only requires the normal 2-D constant filter designs and 1-D polynomial approximations.本技术根据给定的1－D与2－D可变幅度技术条件分解的，但不同于[4]中提出技术方法，并且只需要公称2－D常量滤波器结构以及1－D多项式近似法。Since 2-D constant filters are relatively easy to design by applying the existing design techniques and 1-D polynomials can be easily approximated by solving simultaneous linear equations, the technique significantly simplifies the original 2-D variable filter design problem.由于，2－D常量滤波器用现有的设计技术以及1－D多项式也可用求出同步线形方程而相对简单，所以本技术相当地简化了原有的2－D可变滤波器设计的难题。In particular, it should be emphasized that this technique can guarantee the stability of the resulting 2-D variable filters so long as the 2-D constant filters are designed to be stable. An example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.特别应当提出的是，本技术能够只要在2－D常量滤波器设计得稳定的话，就能保证取得的2－D可变滤波器结果的稳定性。文中详细说明了所提出的技术的效力。2. Design problem formulation2．设计问题的说明In this section, we formulate the problem of designing 2-D variable digital filters with arbitrary magnitude responses based on the newly proposed outer product expansion of the given 2-D variable magnitude specifications.在本节中，根据给定2－D可变幅度技术条件提出的外围设备，我们阐述了任意幅度反应2－D可变数字滤波器的设计。Below, we first define an outer product expansion, then relate it with the 2-D variable filter design problem. 下面，我们首次对外围设备做了定义，然后将其同2－D可变滤波器
考虑到以上因素，我们提出了基于给定1-D和2-D变量幅度规格[3, 4]的分解而设计1-D和2-D过滤器的两种高效技术。这两种技术在计算方面非常高效，因为它们只需要设计一组1-D常数过滤器和大约几个1-D多项式。特别的是，这些技术能保证生成变量过滤器的稳定性。但是，在2-D的情况下，这种技术设计的变量过滤器只有象限对称幅度特征。也就是说，假设【看不清的图片】是给定的2-D变量幅度规格，【看不清的图片】和【看不清的图片】是标准化的频率，【看不清的图片】是一个要素为光谱参数的有真实值的矢量。技术[4]只能在下列情况下大致估算给定的2-D变量幅度规格。 【看不清的图片】=【看不清的图片】(1)为了避开这个难点，本论文提出一种设计带有任意幅度特征的2-D变量数码过滤器的新方法。换句话说，即使在下列情况下该技术也能大致估算出2-D变量的幅度规格。【看不清的图片】≠【看不清的图片】(2) 该技术基于给定的2-D变量幅度规格的分解，与[4]中建议的技术不同，它只需要常规2-D常量过滤器设计和1-D多项式近似值。由于采取现有设计技术2-D常量过滤器相对容易设计，1-D多项式也能通过解同步线性方程很容易地估算，该技术大大简化了原来的2-D变量过滤器设计问题。特别地，应当强调指出的是，只要2-D常量过滤器设计得很稳定，这个技术就能保证生成2-D变量过滤器的稳定性。本文给出了一个例子来说明所提出技术的有效性。
服用以上考虑,我们提出了两种有效的设计技术和二维变过滤器,一维是基于分解的一维和二维变级给予标准[3]。这个技巧是非常高计算效率,因为它们只需要设计一套一维恒定过滤器和逼近的几个一维多项式。在特定的技术保证了稳定的可变滤光片。然而,在二维的案件,由这样设计变量的过滤技术囿于只有quadrantally对称的大小等特点。那就是说,假定是二维的可变大小规格,并归一化的频率,是一个真正的价值是谱参数向量的元素。这项技术[4]只能大致给定的二维变级的规格。 =(1),为了解决这个困难的问题,提出了一种新的方法来设计二维变数字滤波器的任意大小等特点。换句话说,该技术能近似二维可变大小规格虽然≠(2),这项技术是基于分解给出的二维变级,这是不同规格的特点,提出了在[4],它只需要正常的二维恒滤波器的设计和一维多项式逼近。从二维恒过滤器是比较容易的设计采用现有的设计技术和一维多项式逼近可以轻易解决同步的线性方程组,技术大大简化了原来的二维变滤波器的设计问题。在特殊情况下,应该强调,该技术能保证稳定的二维变过滤器只要二维恒滤波器的设计是稳定的。最后给出了数值算例说明了该方法的有效性。2。设计问题在本节中,我们制定的设计问题,给出了二维变数字滤波器的任意大小的基础上提出了反应产物的扩展了外部变量大小规格之。下面,我们首先定义一个外部的产品扩展,然后将它与二维变滤波器的设计问题。 假定是二维的可变大小规格,并归一化的频率,
看不到图。 你把文章弄进来吧。 里面有小图看不到的。
对于大量专业名词无能为力，不理解。。。 考虑到以上，我们建议为1-D、2-D变量过滤器采取两种有效的技术，它们是建立在特定的1-d、2-d变量规范上面的。。。。。。 （我不行了。。。）
考虑到上述，我们提出了两个有效的技术设计的一维和二维变量过滤器，这是基于分解的考虑一维和二维变量规模规格[ 3 ， 4 ] 。该技术是非常有效的计算，因为他们只需要设计了一套一维不断逼近几个过滤器和一维多项式。 特别是，技术总是能够保证稳定的过滤器所产生的变数。然而，在二维情况下，变量滤波器设计的这种技术的限制只有quadrantally对称程度的特点。这就是说，假设这是给定的二维变量级规格，在那里，是normaliz教育署的频率，是一个真正的价值载体，其内容是光谱参数。技术[ 4 ]只能近似给定的二维变量规模规范的情况。= （ 1 ）绕过这一困难，本文提出了一种新方法设计的二维变量数字滤波器任意规模的特点。换句话说，该技术可以近似二维变量级规格，即使≠ （ 2 ）这项技术是基于分解给出二维变量级的规格，这是不同于中提出[ 4 ] ，而且只需要正常的二维恒定滤波器的设计和一维多项式近似。由于二维不断筛选，比较容易设计运用现有的设计技术和一维多项式可以很容易地逼近求解线性方程组同时，该技术大大简化了原有的二维变量滤波器设计问题。特别是，应该强调的是，这种技术可以保证的稳定造成二维变量过滤器，只要二维恒定的过滤器的目的是稳定的。一个例子说明的效力提出的方法。2 。配方设计问题在本节中，我们制定的问题，设计二维变量数字滤波器任意规模的答复的基础上新提议外产品扩大给予二维变量规模规格。下面，我们先定义一个外部产品扩展，然后与它与二维变量滤波器设计问题。假设这是给定的二维变量级规格，在那里，是正常频率 分给我哦谢谢了

教你外语翻译论文的技巧【摘要】为您提供的外语翻译论文：浅论从辩证思维角度看科技英语翻译技巧，解决您在写作中的难题。翻译是从原文到译文的转换，涉及到种种矛盾。关于翻译的标准、特征、原理、原则和方法等问题，国内外学者纷纷著书立说。翻译学应引入哪些学科的理论仍未有穷极。把辩证法引入翻译领域，从哲学的高度搞清楚科技英语翻译中的一些技巧及彼此之间的辩证关系有助于解决翻译活动中的一些问题，很有探究的必要。一、文献综述随着改革开放的日益深入，科技英语的翻译也日益重要，对其翻译技巧及翻译理论的研究更是层出不穷。国内学者侯维瑞就科技英语与文学英语进行对比，提出科技英语比文学英语更讲究准确性。[1]刘春燕从科技翻译的信息等价性标准出发，提出科技文体的主要功能是传递信息。[2]郑声滔首次提出科技英语长句汉译的括号翻译法，并以实例分析了括号翻译法的六种使用场合。[3]祁慰提出翻译人员必须了解相关科技领域的知识;遵循简洁准确、避免误译的原则;注意直译、意译、音译、形译方法的采用;注重词类转换。[4]杨榕采用实证研究的方法，探讨了受试对象在科技与文学语篇英译汉过程中选取的主观翻译单位和客观翻译单位的特点。[5]严俊仁推出了“句型比对译法”和“英汉科技翻译关键词法”。[6]可见，科技英语文体分析和翻译方面的研究成果已有不少，而从辩证思维的视角对科技英语的汉译进行探讨必有一定的价值性。二、理论依据辩证唯物主义认为，辨证思维是以世间万物之间的客观联系为基础而进行的对世界进一步的认识和感知，并在思考的过程中感受人与自然的关系，进而得到某种结论。[7]其方法包括：(1)联系法：运用普遍联系的观点来考察思维对象，从空间上来考察，是横向联系的一种方式。(2)发展法：运用辩证思维的发展观来考察思维对象，是纵向上从时间方面来考察思维对象的过去、现在和将来的一种方式。(3)全面法：就是运用全面的观点去考察思维对象，即从时空整体上全面地考察思维对象的横向联系和纵向发展过程。科技英语翻译工作者对翻译技巧的理解需要加深方能灵活运用。三、科技英语的句法特征科技英语(English for Science and Technology，简称EST)是用来陈述自然界、科技界所发生或出现的事情，为人们从事科技活动时所使用，即描写自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告，科技实用手段(包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等)的结构和操作说明等，包括描述其规律、特点、过程等，具有表达客观准确、逻辑性强、结构严谨等特点，其句式往往偏长、结构复杂，给读者和译者带来一定的困扰。主要句法特征表现可归纳为下述“五多”，具体内容如下。1.被动句和非限定动词多科技英语文体本身旨在给读者提供客观的科技信息，很少用人称代词做主语，故而经常使用含有被动结构的句型以及非谓语形式和介词短语等来表述。科技语言由于题材内容和使用方式的限定性，即阐述句子内部各成分之间的逻辑关系，更正确、更严密地反映出事物各成分的内在联系，从而形成了有别于其他文体的显著特征。2.名词化结构多科技文体要求表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实而非某一行为。为使行文简洁，常用表示动作或状态的抽象名词或起名词功用的动名词形式以及名词短语结构，文章更为简洁，内容更为客观，单位句内传递的话语信息量更大。3.结构复杂的长句多科技信息的传递需要精准、规范，表述一个复杂概念或事物常需使用长句。长句通常是因被动句多、非限定动词多、名词化结构多，再加上从句和并列成分多而形成。其特点是单词量大，句子结构复杂，一句中常带有一个或几个从句，同时还可能伴有几个非谓语动词形式的短语使之逻辑更为严密，结构更为紧凑。4.常用句型多科技英语文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如，先行词“it”的结构多，将较长的主语从句后置而用形式主语it来引导，避免了句子结构上的头重脚轻，行文更加凝重平稳，符合科技英语的风格。5.一般现在时和现在完成时较多这两种时态在科技英语中使用频率高的原因是前者可以较好地表现文章内容的无时间性，说明文章中的科学定义、定理、公式不受时间限制，任何时候都成立;后者则多用来表述已经发现或获得的研究成果。上述特点很少单独出现，往往会被综合运用于一个句中，尤其是长句，在阅读和翻译时应引起注意。从辩证思维的角度阐述科技英语翻译中运用的增译与减译、顺译与逆译、分译与合译以及正译与反译这些技巧各对之间的相互依存关系有其重要的探究意义。四、科技英语翻译技巧中的辩证思维科技英语以客观事物为中心，即所谓的object-centered或concept-centered。注意辩证思维，灵活运用翻译技巧，才会有得体的译作。1.增译与减译增译法就是为忠实体现科技英语的句法特征，增加一些词语以符合汉语表达习惯。减译法是指在不破坏原文的句法特征的情况下，把原文中一些无关紧要的及不符合译文表达习惯的`词语去掉不译，使译文更通顺、流畅。然而，增词与减词是有限制的，不可随心所欲，应根据译文语言的需要而采取适当的处理。例(1)原文：The findings suggest that dark matter particles interacted so that they “annihilated” each other，producing subatomic particles called quarks and their antimatter counterparts，antiquarks. This annihilation produced heat that would have kept the proto-stellar cloud of hydrogen and helium from cooling and shrinking and thus preventing fusion reactions from igniting.译文：研究结果表明，暗物质粒子间发生相互作用并相互“湮灭”，同时释放出被称之为“夸克”的亚原子粒子及与其对应的反物质“反夸克。”这种暗物质粒子的相互湮灭会产生足够的热量，以阻止氢和氦构成的原恒星云的冷却收缩，从而阻止核聚变反应的发生。原文中的“annihilation”和“heat”都是名词化现象，意义很抽象，若不采用增译法，很难表达清楚原文的意思，因为由“produced”连接这两个词形成的主句“This annihilation produced heat”出现在含26个单词的长句的句首，译者增加了“暗物质粒子的和相互”用来修饰“annihilation”，增加了“足够的”用来修饰“heat”，以保证译文意思的明确，使该主句的意义在语境中让人一目了然。以横向联系考察这种翻译技巧，既然需要增词，必然会有减词的需要。减词，在忠实原文的基础上使译文更加简洁、精炼。可以减去的词汇有代词、连词、冠词、介词等。例(2)原文：“To influence flow，you have to change the conditions underneath the ice sheet，because what’s going on beneath the ice dictates how quickly the ice is flowing.” said Das.译文：达斯说：要影响冰层的移动进程，就不得不改变冰层底部的状况，因为冰下所发生的一切决定着冰层移动的快慢。(施小娟译)译文中删减了主语“you”。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在英译汉时译者必须根据情况进行删减。2.顺译与逆译顺译是指将原文按意群分切成各部分，然后将各部分按照英语句子原文的语序从前往后翻译，反之即为逆译。例(3)原文：Is it possible to get a scent to evoke positive feelings in those who smell it?那究竟有没有可能找到一种让人一闻就喜欢的气味呢?(金欣译)找到一种让人一闻就喜欢的气味，究竟有没有这个可能呢?(笔者试译)例(4)原文：Exactly how scent exerts its effects is only beginning to be understood.人们现在才刚刚开始认识到香味究竟是怎样发挥作用的。(金欣译)香味究竟是怎样发挥作用的，人们(现在)才刚刚开始认识到。(笔者试译)例(3)中笔者试译的译文在某些特定场合采用逆译法语气更强烈，例(4)中笔者试译的逆译法则要看语言环境是否能起到承上启下或强调的作用。当然必须符合原文作者的目的和意图。顺译与逆译如同世间万物一样，两者之间是互相联系、互相影响的。翻译科技文本时顺译与逆译都会出现，根据需要和可能，有时顺译多一点，逆译少一点;反之，有时逆译多一点，顺译少一点。全部用顺译或全部用逆译就显得太单调，缺乏灵活性，影响译文的阅读美感。3.分译与合译科技英语长句翻译时需要灵活处理，在不损害原文意思的情况下将原句结构做较大的改变，拆分成两个或两个以上的句子再翻译，即化长为短、化整为零，避免生硬的汉语句子。而有时候，又需要把原文的两个或两个以上的分句合译，即化零为整，使译文连贯，有整体感。这两种方法都能使译文更通顺流畅。例(5)原文：Dark matter，invisible stuff which scientists think makes up the bulk of the universe，has been considered to have role in the evolution of the early universe but not in the formation of the first stars.译文：暗物质是一种人类用肉眼无法观测到的物质，科学家们认为宇宙的大部分均由其构成。人们认为暗物质在早期宇宙的演化过程中起过作用，但对于最早的恒星的形成并无作用。(曹胜男译)例(5)几乎具备了科技英语的全部句法特征，首先它属于典型的长句，其主句谓语是现在完成时态的被动形式，还有名词化结构“the evolution of”、“the formation of”。本句的译文采用了分译、合译两种方法。译者将“Dark matter”与同位语“invisible stuff”合译成一个完整的句子“暗物质是一种人类用肉眼无法观测到的物质”。“Invisible stuff”被前面的逗号与主句中的“Dark matter”分开，它本身由一个which引导的较长的定语从句修饰。译者采用先合译再分译，把含有插入语“scientists think”的定语从句“which scientists think makes up the bulk of the universe”，翻译成一个完整的句子“科学家们认为宇宙的大部分均由其构成”。紧接着将主句的谓语部分译成一个分句“人们认为暗物质在早期宇宙的演化过程中起过作用”，主语“人们”是通过增译法加上的。最后，将前面附有转折意义的“but”和否定词“not”的介词短语“in the formation of the first stars”译成另一个独立完整的分句“但对于最早的恒星的形成并无作用。”从例(5)可以看出，分译和合译相互依存、相互影响，用对立统一的方法分析并翻译原文，客观、全面地揭示分译和合译双方的相互关系，交错使用分译和合译，使各个译句自然地组合成一个意义完整的句子并符合汉语的表达方式，大大增强了本来较为枯燥的科技文章的生动性和可读性。4.正译与反译由于思维差异，英汉两种语言在表达肯定或否定的方式上存在一定的差异。英语里否定的表达方式多种多样，翻译时根据汉语表达习惯可能会将科技英语肯定句译为否定句，或者将否定句译为肯定句。通常科技英语词句中含有“never”、“no”、“not”、“non-”、“un-”、“im-”、“in-”、“ir-”、“-less”等成分以及汉语词句中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“毋”、“勿”等成分的为反说，不含有这些成分的为正说。例(6)原文：Nearly 70 percent of all available freshwater is used for agriculture. Use of water for irrigation has increased globally by more than 60 percent since 1960，according to United Nation statistics. At the same time，poor irrigation and drainage practices have led to salt buildup in roughly one-eighth of all irrigated land.译文：在所有可利用的淡水中，有将近百分之七十用于农业。根据联合国的统计数据，1960年以来用于灌溉的水在全球范围内增加了百分之六十多，同时由于不当的灌溉和排水做法，导致了所有灌溉地中约有八分之一发生了盐水积淀。(胡德良译)例(6)原文中没有“never”、“no”、“not”这类否定词，也未出现否定前缀和后缀，属于正说即肯定句，但译文中出现了“不当的灌溉和排水做法”，是典型的反说即否定句。其缘由在于“poor irrigation and drainage practices”是个贬义形容词，“poor”加上由三个抽象名词构成的名词化结构，“poor”在原文中的含意是“not proper”，这是英汉两种语言表达习惯不同所致。互译时译者将英语中的正说译成汉语中的反说，确切表达了原意并符合语言的规范性。这种正反置换互译法现已经成为科技英语翻译中的一个重要技巧。五、结束语毋庸置疑，在科技英语的理解和翻译过程中人们的辩证思维能力起着重要的作用。科技英语的内容多种多样，其文体正式、庄重，具有表达客观、逻辑性强、结构复杂严谨、概念准确等特点。把辩证思维运用于科技英语翻译实践，便于更好地理解和翻译科技英语文本，对于科技英语长句的翻译具有一定的指导意义。因为它可以促使译者根据其行文特点和写作规律，充分掌握和利用最佳翻译技巧，成功完成作者与译者及读者间的完美交流。 ;

4.3 General control of cross-ring 4.3.1 passage space design1. Import Road Layout The purpose of the implementation of signal control is to enable different traffic flows, the separation in time. In order to facilitate the implementation of signal control, it is necessary to import Road lane divided function (see Figure 4), enables the flow of traffic各行其道to avoid mutual interference.2. Central Road layoutDifferent flows in order to avoid causing traffic chaos intertwined, Central Road improve traffic capacity, as well as with the import function to match the Road driveway, it is necessary to Ring Road also divided roadway function, is mainly divided into lanes to turn left and go straight ahead (see Figure 4). Ring Road that is at least has a straight, a left turn lane.4.3.2 Determination of signal phaseBecause of the role of Bay Road, the traffic to turn left and straight on to the conflict between traffic can actually evolve into a degree of interwoven, the result of the implementation of four-way ring to pay the general control, to be used in the form of two-phase control; more Road Central, submitted by the specific circumstances of the case to determine visibility.4.3.3 signal configuration and priority rules1. Signal configuration based on the above analysis, the arrow lights should be configured in order to facilitate the flow of different traffic with different traffic signal.2. Priority rule ring along with the phase because of the existence of different traffic flows, the left turn traffic flow and traffic flow straight to the potential for conflict exists between, it was necessary to set the priority rules, usually in the same phase, the straight traffic stream have precedence in the left turn traffic flow (also visible on the actual situation).4.3.4 Signal TimingRing Road divided roadway function and implementation of signal control can be used to eliminate cross-Ring Road in the loop-cutting issues, thus the control method in the signal control principle with the general level-crossing control method is similar to Webster-based allocation method to determine when the timing program, and depending on the actual coordinate the flow of traffic than the actual green time. However, due to the Central Road, vehicles traveling the speed limit and driving distance is longer, according to the practice of using yellow light time of 3s may lead to the end of yellow line to turn left through the parking of vehicles with another phase of the early exit of vehicles (cars to turn left or go straight vehicles) in the Bay Road entrance of intertwined or conflicts, which have a need to re-determine the time between green and yellow light duration.Located around the island radius r0, Ring Road, the width of each lane w, calculated traveling speed v0, the driver reaction time t0, then import Road vehicles from passing through the most lateral straight junctions adjacent most lateral point of conflict is about the shortest distance(17)So (two-phase case) the Green interval I for(18)By type (13) yellow light time can be identified.5 Ways to control the application of the conditions of analysis1. Flow conditions are usually, non-signal-controlled roundabout capacity value of the experience of 2 000pcu / h or so, so when the actual traffic demand roundabout approach or exceed the value of this experience that it is necessary to the implementation of signal control is proposed in this paper The three kinds of control mode, both for flows exceeded 2 000pcu / h and the control signals required to pay in terms of ring. The first two kinds of control method is more applicable to a larger left turn traffic situation.2. Intersection turn left two-step control of the geometric conditions of the ring to pay, generally applicable to large diameter around the island, Central Road has enough space for traffic to turn left holding queue of traffic flow; turn left step in the control (not around the island) of the Central settlement, generally applies to smaller diameter around the island, around the island has enough space for laying the traffic lane to turn left into the traffic flow of space, and turn left trochoid truck lanes turning radius should be not less than diversion routes set up in accordance with the minimum requirements turning radius; the implementation of the general control of the ring to pay, the general can not satisfy the above two control methods of the geometric conditions (also unable to broaden the reach of these requirements).6 Conclusion Roundabout past the implementation of signal control, most of them apply the planar intersection of the control method, it is difficult to effectively adapt to the characteristics of the traffic roundabout, a reasonable solution roundabout traffic problems. In this paper, circular control mode is in the roundabout traffic characteristics and traffic problems in an in-depth study based on, and around the island for different scale, different intersections of space, give different control modes, the result of ring type intersection signal control and management of the theoretical research and practical applications are of great value. Since the study conditions, none of three kinds of models of non-motor vehicle and pedestrian interference and other possible cases, which have yet to be combined with the actual situation in a variety of further improving the
General control of cross-ring 4.3.1 passage space design1. Import Road Layout The purpose of the implementation of signal control is to enable different traffic flows, the separation in time. In order to facilitate the implementation of signal control, it is necessary to import Road lane divided function (see Figure 4), enables the flow of traffic各行其道to avoid mutual interference.2. Central Road layoutDifferent flows in order to avoid causing traffic chaos intertwined, Central Road improve traffic capacity, as well as with the import function to match the Road driveway, it is necessary to Ring Road also divided roadway function, is mainly divided into lanes to turn left and go straight ahead (see Figure 4). Ring Road that is at least has a straight, a left turn lane.4.3.2 Determination of signal phaseBecause of the role of Bay Road, the traffic to turn left and straight on to the conflict between traffic can actually evolve into a degree of interwoven, the result of the implementation of four-way ring to pay the general control, to be used in the form of two-phase control; more Road Central, submitted by the specific circumstances of the case to determine visibility.4.3.3 signal configuration and priority rules1. Signal configuration based on the above analysis, the arrow lights should be configured in order to facilitate the flow of different traffic with different traffic signal.2. Priority rule ring along with the phase because of the existence of different traffic flows, the left turn traffic flow and traffic flow straight to the potential for conflict exists between, it was necessary to set the priority rules, usually in the same phase, the straight traffic stream have precedence in the left turn traffic flow (also visible on the actual situation).4.3.4 Signal TimingRing Road divided roadway function and implementation of signal control can be used to eliminate cross-Ring Road in the loop-cutting issues, thus the control method in the signal control principle with the general level-crossing control method is similar to Webster-based allocation method to determine when the timing program, and depending on the actual coordinate the flow of traffic than the actual green time. However, due to the Central Road, vehicles traveling the speed limit and driving distance is longer, according to the practice of using yellow light time of 3s may lead to the end of yellow line to turn left through the parking of vehicles with another phase of the early exit of vehicles (cars to turn left or go straight vehicles) in the Bay Road entrance of intertwined or conflicts, which have a need to re-determine the time between green and yellow light duration.Located around the island radius r0, Ring Road, the width of each lane w, calculated traveling speed v0, the driver reaction time t0, then import Road vehicles from passing through the most lateral straight junctions adjacent most lateral point of conflict is about the shortest distance(17)So (two-phase case) the Green interval I for(18)By type (13) yellow light time can be identified.5 Ways to control the application of the conditions of analysis1. Flow conditions are usually, non-signal-controlled roundabout capacity value of the experience of 2 000pcu / h or so, so when the actual traffic demand roundabout approach or exceed the value of this experience that it is necessary to the implementation of signal control is proposed in this paper The three kinds of control mode, both for flows exceeded 2 000pcu / h and the control signals required to pay in terms of ring. The first two kinds of control method is more applicable to a larger left turn traffic situation. 2. Intersection turn left two-step control of the geometric conditions of the ring to pay, generally applicable to large diameter around the island, Central Road has enough space for traffic to turn left holding queue of traffic flow; turn left step in the control (not around the island) of the Central settlement, generally applies to smaller diameter around the island, around the island has enough space for laying the traffic lane to turn left into the traffic flow of space, and turn left trochoid truck lanes turning radius should be not less than diversion routes set up in accordance with the minimum requirements turning radius; the implementation of the general control of the ring to pay, the general can not satisfy the above two control methods of the geometric conditions (also unable to broaden the reach of these requirements).
General control loop 4.3 For ease of implementation of signal control, it is necessary to import into tao driveway function (see chart 4), make the flow of traffic flow separately, avoid mutual interference.2 ring road layoutIn order to avoid the traffic flow caused by different interweave, improve ring road traffic chaos ability, as well as with imported word matching driveway, necessary function will ring road is divided into the driveway turn function, main is to go (see figure 4 special lanes.4.3.2 phase signalMuch of vessel into the visual conditions.4.3.3 lights and priority rule1 signal based on the above analysis, configuration, configuration of different arrow signal of traffic flow to different traffic signals.2 because of priority rule ring road phase with different flow of traffic, the traffic flow to the left and went toward the conflict between traffic flow, therefore, it is necessary that may set priority rule, usually in the same phase, straight traffic flow precedence left traffic flow situation (visual).4.3.4 signal timingRing road into the driveway and signal control implementation, can eliminate ring road in the ring, and control methods in signal control principle with general adjustment and control method can be delivered in accordance with similar Webster timing method, and the timing scheme based on actual traffic flow of coordinate than actual green time. But because ring road vehicles driving speed limit and long distance, as usual used 3s yellow light yellow lights time may lead to the left end through this vehicle with another aspect of the vehicle (left early exit the car or direct driving) in the entry word ring, or conflict and necessary to determine with yellow lights inter-green time duration.R0 radius, set huandao road every lane width w, computing speed limit, the pilot v0 t0 reaction time, the lateral straight vehicles imported way across most of the adjacent intersections ChongTuDian about the most short(17)Then (two phase) green interval for I(18)By type (13) can determine the yellow lights.5 the control method of the applicable condition analysis1 traffic conditions, no signal control usually annular intersections experience for 2 000pcu ability, so when the h/analysed.then th actual traffic demand or exceed the experience, it is necessary to implement the signal control, this paper puts forward three kinds of control mode for more than 2, flow 000pcu/h and signal control loop into. The former two more applicable to control the flow of larger. Turn2 intersection of two steps geometric conditions of control loop turn into, generally applicable huandao road larger diameter, ring has enough space for traffic stopped traffic flow line left waiting, Don't turn around the island controls (step) into the ring, applies to smaller diameter, huandao around the island has enough space layout of the traffic flow of traffic space left, and left the car driving line should not be less than turning radius, in accordance with the requirements set diversion road for minimum turning radius, Implementation of the ring, general control into two general cannot satisfy the requirement of geometry control method can broaden reach above (required).The annular intersection control, mostly to implement signal intersection control method, thus effectively adapt to the characteristics and annular intersection traffic reasonably to solve the traffic problem is analysed.then th. Study limitations, because all three modes of motor vehicles and pedestrians not study of interference and some other possible circumstances, therefore remains to be combined with actual situation for further improvement我是用有道桌面词典来翻译的，如果你需要，可以从这里下。http://cidian.youdao.com/
enflish is power
错了好多

Computer as a design tool for digital media arts, science and art of human civilization, the two pillars of development, the arts never have to go through the media to performance. With the continuous development of computer technology, art on the use of computer technology and in-depth and more popular, especially computer data processing and application of space technology development continues to expand, many new art style also will quickly emerge, digital media arts important way to become one of cultural transmission. In the real world and virtual space, interaction, communication process, a digital media art and design workers, artists and computer interaction and exchange between creative part, but also changed the living condition of the public groups and mind. First. digital media art Art is a mirror of society, art reflects the people's ideology and social reality. With the extensive application of computer technology and a variety of scientific and technological development, visual artists began to use computer-aided design and digital technology for some digital media works, such as text, pictures, computer graphics, animation, sound, video, any different combination products came into being, be treated as the core of digital media-based and stimulus for a new art form, that is, digital media arts. Strictly speaking, the "Digital Media Arts is a digital media-based art, is the creation of digital technology as a necessary means for the transmission of digital media to digital media for the dissemination of the user objects of art. Is the visual arts, audio-visual arts , design art, computer graphics technology, science and the media cross-cutting, integrating their disciplines. Meanwhile, it also has cultural and social services, public properties. "In the 20th century for its rich and diverse digital media access to the rapid development of the performance, the use of to digital technology, the media has been film, television, information, communication, art and design, construction, telecommunications, tourism, animation design and other fields. All sorts of new derivative products, such as: "electronic books", "electronic magazine", "electronic newspaper", etc., also a number of new digital media, such as: Internet media, touch-frequency media, digital communications media ( such as smart phones, etc.), multimedia CD-ROM. In various sorts of advertising, the use of digital electronic media advertising dazzling production, advertising creative and expression, so that people in a relaxed and happy at the same time willing to pull out pockets, this is the charm of digital media arts; in a variety of network entertainment, online games accounted for half of the game the player immersed in the "virtual world" games people play different roles in the world for the "honor" to fight, at the time, at the money, this is the charm of digital media art; in film, television production, beautiful picture, beautiful sounds of music, the vagaries of the static and dynamic, there has been a large commercial film, the beautiful art films, a considerable group of prisoners into film and television works, this is the digital media arts charm; on the Internet, you can read, read newspapers, listen to online radio, watch TV, watch movies, but also through the Internet for shopping, living things are "Clean Sweep", this is still the charm of digital media arts. Digital Media Arts changed the way people listen to the ears, eyes, and the way of reading the text, plus a convenient way of human-computer interaction, in the digital world, people "feel" fully revealed "three-dimensional"; digital media arts to people felt a kind of beauty to enjoy and relax in a very pleasant mood, to receive and impart information. Digital Media Arts as a new art form, not only become the new darling of the contemporary avant-garde art, but also the main trend of the future development of the arts. Forms of digital media can be divided according to four categories,one.the traditional art of digital products, this is theinitial stage of digital media art;Second. works of art using digital technology, such asdigital images;Third. network multimedia works of art, such as networkanimation;Fourth. broadband interactive multimedia art works, such as online video games.
恩，你考二级，不管是VF、C语言等都不实用，你还不如学一下软件，Photoshop、CorelDRAW等 -----------------------------------------------------广告学是一门多学科交叉的应用型边缘学科，应用型说明广告学产生于现实的经济社会实践当中，突出了实践性；而多学科交叉说明它知识体系的庞杂，虽然以传播学、市场学两大学科为主干，但又融合了心理学、消费学、社会学等多种学科。因此要学好广告学专业，必须要做到理论与实践的统一，作为在校生，首先要把书本内各个学科的知识学习好，扎实的专业知识和技能，将是职业成功的首要保障。另外学的虽然是广告学（策划与创意）专业，但最好也要学习一些广告设计的知识，比如三大构成、素描基础、国画基础等，特别是一些电脑制图软件Photoshop、CorelDRAW、3Dmax等，不求精通，但也得略知一二。然后再有空，特别是寒暑假时间多去广告公司、媒体、企业广告部去实习，积累经验。要是能在实习时参与大一点的广告案例的策划执行，那就最好不过了，这无论是对自己能力的提升还是以后职业的发展都大有好处！找工作的时候，也许读了四年的广告专业，大家所储备的理论知识大体相同，而丰富的经历和阅历往往会使你从众多竞争者中脱颖而出，正如USP理论所言，职场营销，你也需要一个独特的销售主张，需要给自己找一个闪亮的卖点！ 坤兰动画公司真诚为您解答，还有不明白的地方可直接与我们联系（百度搜坤兰动画）

科技英语翻译题，由于科技的用词可能太过晦涩大家会觉得难，但是久了也就发现其实很简单的。下面是我给大家整理的科技英语翻译技巧，供大家参阅!科技英语翻译技巧科技英语诞生于20世纪50年代,是第二次世界大战后科学技术迅猛发展的产物,它具有客观,准确,严密的特点.近年来,随着科技信息的大量引进,科技英语的翻译已成为翻译领域的一个重要组成部分.而要真正做好简明,正确,恰当的科技英语翻译工作,则非易事,并非像有些人所认为的,科技翻译比较单纯,它必须要掌握一定的翻译技巧.笔者试从以下四个方面分析一下科技英语的翻译技1-5.1.领会科技英语的翻译准则科技英语主要是述说实理,描写现象,推导公式,论证规律,其特点是结构严谨,逻辑严密,行文规范,用词准确,技术术语正确.针对科技英语的这些特点,在翻译科技英语时,首先考虑的就是忠实原文,着名翻译家严复一直倡导"信,达,雅","信"即"忠实",要完整地,准确地表达原作的思想内容,这是科技英语翻译的首要要求:其次要讲究的就是"达",即通顺.着名学者傅雷先生曾指出:理想的译文仿佛是原作者的中文写作.海外学者钱歌川先生也指出,科技英语的翻译虽不像小说那样要求雅致优美,姿态横生,也不像翻译诗歌那样要求抑扬顿挫,押韵合辙,但要求至少文从宇顺,明白流畅.所以,在翻译科技英语时首先要坚持忠实,通顺,客观,严谨的准则,力求精炼,决不可卖弄文字,炫耀才华,随意堆砌华丽的词藻.例如:.(热空气上升.)只能这样翻译,一个宇也不能多.从文学修辞角度来说,译成"炽热空气上升"似乎音调上比较好听,而且符合中文四六骈体的传统,但却破坏了科技英语翻译的风格与规则.2.正确理解原文在坚持了准则之后,接下来就是要正确理解原文.实践证明,翻译之成败,理解是关键.作为翻译的第一步,就要进入原文,吃透原文."全文精神,融会于心"(严复语).翻译时要超越与原作者在时间和空间上的距离,力求与原作者达到心灵相通.要弄清每个词语,每个词组,每个单句以及整篇文章的确切含义和所属范畴,也要弄清每一句话的结构,逻辑,重点,与上下文的关系,即弄清原作者所表达的全部精神实质,只有正确理解原意,才能准确通顺地进行表达.例如,有份资料的题目是:"———1"短短的几十个字符呈,就有两个必须弄清楚的问题.第一,""是什么?许多词典都未收录此词,不过,我们用构词法就会发现,它是由一个双元音和一个单元音组成的双音节词,即和两部分.从副标题可以看出:是一种轴承材料,由往往就会想到(尼龙),从而可以译为"油尼龙";另一个问题是""中的""是何成份与意义?当然,我们可以判断出,它们应该用以修饰"轴承材料"这个名词,可是""是动词原型,怎么会起形容词作用收稿日期:2004—03—28作者简介:沈声松(1964一),男,安徽无为人,中国石化安庆石化总厂外事办公室翻译.?102?&;铜陵学院学报)2004年第2期呢?在这种情况下,只有去正确理解原文,才能得到准确含义.原文在列举了油尼龙的优点之后,以黑体字印出:"",亦即"装上就可以忘掉它":这样通过对上下文的理解,整个标题应译为:"尼拉卡斯特油尼龙——一种装上去就不用管的轴承材料."由此可见,正确理解原文是何等重要.正确理解原文要注意以下几点:(1)领略全文大意,辨认具体词义.任何一篇科技文献都是一个有机的整体,都有它的所属范畴,译前应通读全文,领略原文大意,进行宏观分析.如果一开始就把注意力集中在一词一句的推敲分析上,那就像一个人钻进了森林一样,只看见一棵棵树,而看不见森林全貌,在这种情况下,就着--翻译,必然会事倍功半,甚至满纸荒.唐.(2)正确理解原文的科技内容.科技英语翻译,必须认识到科技英语的特殊性,它与文学作品不同,前者着重于逻辑性,准确性和严密性,后者则着重于思想性和艺术性.因此,在翻译科技英语时,必须充分注意从原文所包含的技术内容--理解.不懂原文的科技内容就很难正确地理解原文,也不可能把原文的科技内容准确翻译过来.例如:,,,,?如果不熟悉环氧树脂的性能,则很可能译为:"环氧树脂熟化时有良好的粘合性能,发生粘合反应不逸散挥发物,甚至经常不需加热或加压."较确切的译文应是:"环氧树脂在熟化过程中有良好的粘合性能,在反应过程中不释出挥发物,经常甚至不发热或产生压力."(3)理解原文的逻辑关系.从语言和专业角度理解原文的同时,还要理解句子内部以及句子之间的逻辑关系.'在对原文的理解过程中,单纯性限于语言现象的理解往往不能解决所有问题,还必须透过原文的文字准确弄清作者所阐明的事理和事物间的逻辑关系.苏联语言学家巴尔胡达罗夫在所着&;语言与翻译》中指出,在翻译实践中存在着"非语言成份",就是指翻译中遇到的有些问题,超出了语言学范围,实际上,在科技英语的翻译中不少问题都要靠逻辑判断和事理分析才能搞清.例如:",,,."句子的第二个""的先行词是哪个,是""的三个并列宾语,还是只说明其中一个?语法分析已无能为力.根据常识进行逻辑推理,这个""只能说明"".所以,正确译文应是:"北美洲生长着二十种野玫瑰,它们都有多刺的茎,羽状的叶片和芳香四溢的大花朵."理解原作的事理和逻辑关系时,必须仔细推敲,反复斟酌,根据自己的生活体验和客观道理来验证自己的理解是否合乎道理,有无漏洞.再如:''.,'".如果译成:"功率最大的旅行电话是在船上使用的.这里没有重量问题,像在飞机上那样",则大错特错.从原文字面上看,似乎并无大错,但从逻辑客观道理上就违背了事理,船舶对重量的要求不像飞机那样严格,只是常识.正确译文应是:"船舶上使用功率最大的旅行电话.因为这里不像飞机上那样存在着重量问题."3.词义的选择与确定词义理解和选择,要结合上下文和语言环境,凭借事理和逻辑关系甚至还要考虑原科技英语翻译的5种常用翻译技巧1 顺译法：(Synchronizing)有些英语长句所叙述的事物基本上是按照时间或逻辑的顺序安排的。这与汉语表达的方法基本一致，因此翻译一般可以按照原文顺序译出。例如：1(1) For these forms of pollution as for all the others, (2) the destructive chain of cause and effect goes back to a prime cause: (3) too many cars, too many factories, more and more trials left by supersonic jutes, inadequate methods for disinfecting sewers, too little water, too much carbon monoxide.这个句子是由一个主句、一个状语和一个同位语组成的。主句是(2) 破坏的因果关系链可归根于一个主要原因，也是全句的中心内容。主句前的(1)是方式状语，(3)是主句的同位语。原文各句的逻辑关系、表达顺序与汉语完全一致，因此可以按照原文的顺序翻译。 译文：这些形式的污染象所有其他形式的污染一样，起破坏性的因果关系链可可归根于一个主要的原因：太多的汽车、工厂、洗涤剂、杀虫剂，越来越多的喷气式飞机留下的尾气，不足的污水消毒处理方法，太少的水源，太多的一氧化碳。2 (1)Fossil fuel emit another 5.2 billion metric tons of CO2 into the air each year, (2) while the burning of tropical forests emits roughly 1.8 billion metric tons of CO2-(3) both contributing to a build up of carbon dioxide (4) that will soon trigger the greenhouse effect. 在这个句子中，主句是(1)，(2)是主句的并列句，(3)是同位语，(4)是定语从句。其结构，表达习惯与汉语一致，因此可以按原文的顺序翻译。译文：另外，矿物燃料每年释放52亿公吨二氧化碳进入大气，同时热带森林的燃烧大约释放出18亿公吨二氧化碳——这两方面都对二氧化碳的集结产生作用，因而会很快引发温室效应。3 Although there is reason to hope that superconductivity may one day be found to exist in some materials at room temperature, for the moment is a phenomenon of the utterly cold.译文：虽然有理由指望有一天可以发现某些材料在室温下会具有超导性，但目前超导性还只是一种极不热门的现象。2 逆译法：(Reversing)有时候英语长句的叙述层次与汉语相反，这时就须从英语原文的后面译起，自上而下，逆着英语原文的顺序翻译。1 (1) There is an equilibrium between the liquid and its vapor, (2) as many molecules being lost from the surface of the liquid and (3) then existing as vapor, (4) as reenter the liquid in a given time.这个句子是由一个主句(1)，定语从句(4)以及两个分次独立结构组成，这个句子分为四层意思(1)液体和固体之间处于平衡状态，是主句，是全句的中心所在;(2)许多分子从液体表面逸出，成为蒸汽;(3)又有同样多的分子重新进入液体;(4)在一定时间内。根据汉语表达习惯，“因”在前面，“果”在后，可逆原文翻译。译文：在一定时间内，许多分子从液体表面逸出，成为蒸汽。又有同样多的分子从新进入液体，因次，在液体和蒸汽之间处于平衡。2 (1) Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact (2) which had already been suspected, (3) there is a “high-temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its center roughly miles above the ground分析：(1)是主句，(2)是定语从句，(3)是同位语从句做fact 的同位语。按照汉语表达习惯，用逆译发翻译，更显得自然，流畅。译文：大气中有一个“高温带”，其中心在距地面约30英里高的地方。对此人们早就怀疑，利用火箭加以研究，这一奇异的事实已得到证明。3 On account of the fact that there is always a resistance due to friction whenever oneart of a machine moves over another , some work must be done in moving the parts of the machine itself.根据汉语表达习惯，这句话同样用逆译法翻译比较贴切。译文：机器的某个部件在另一个部件上面移动，总会有摩擦而产生阻力，由于这种情况，机器本身的部件运动时就要做一些功。3 分译法：(Divisoion)有时英语长句中主句与从句或主句与修饰语间的关系不十分密切，翻译时可按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句中的从句或短语化为句子，分开来叙述，将原句化整为零。为使译文通顺连贯，也可以适当加几个连接词。例如：1 The Josephson junction is a thin insulator separating two superconducingmaterials,i.e., metals that lose all electrical resistance at temperature near zero.译文：约瑟生接点就是分开两种超导体材料的薄绝缘体，超导材料是在接近绝对零度时会失去电阻的金属。2 It is very important that a machine element be made of a material that has properties suitable for the condition of service as it is for the loads and stresses to accurately determined.译文：载荷和应力必须准确的计算出来，机器零件要用性能符合工作条件的材料来制造。这两件事都是非常重要的。4 综合法(Recasting)对那些用某种翻译技巧无法译出时，着眼于篇章，以逻辑分析为基础，有顺有序，有主有次对全句进行综合处理。1.Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural product can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or, more often, because the physical property of the synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, has been chosen, and ever emphssized , so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.这个句子是由一个主句(1)either or 连接的两个并列的 because 状语从句，一个由 so that 引导的状语从句和which 引导的非限制性定语从句及 in which 引导的定语从句所组成。译文：人造材料统称为合成材料，许多人造材料正在替代某些天然材料，这或者是由于天然产品的数量不能满足日益增长的需要，或者往往是人们选择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。因此合成材料在应用的领域中将具有极大的用途。2 The issue of the New York Times which hailed the Second International as the authority it which it would adhere and the Third International as a scandal and a betrayal which it would reject used one hundred and fifty-three separate words, phrases, and construction which are listed in the Third International but not in the Second and Third International but not in the Second and nineteen others which are condemned in the Second.分析：这个句子实际上是由四个并列复句所组成，它的中心词就是“New York Times”，中心意思是对the New York Times 形式评论，全句包括六个定语从句，比较复杂。按汉语表达习惯，为使全文通顺、确切，对每个定语从句要分别作为独立句子加以翻译，即采取综合法翻译。译文：有一期《纽约时报》。一面高呼《韦氏(第二版)》是权威性工作，它坚决照办，一面大叫《韦氏(第三版)》是耻辱和背叛，要弃之如敝履。可是，就在该期报纸上有153个单独的词，词组和句法结构，是第二版中没有的，但是，在《韦氏(第三版)》中均有记载，还有19种用法是在《韦氏(第二版)》里受谴责的。在翻译实践中，除了上述翻译原则外，具体到科技英语语篇的翻译中，语篇重构也是常用的一种翻译方法。语篇重构就是对原文的结构和语言进行较大幅度的改动，脱离原句的层次和结构安排，按汉语叙事伦理的习惯重新组合句子，摆脱了原文的语序和句子形式的约束，使译文自然、流畅，更加符合汉语的表达习惯，以期在更深的层次上达到与原文的对等。1. Computer languages may range from detailed low level close to that immediately understood by the particular computer, to the sophisticated high level which can be rendered automatically acceptable to a wide range of computers.译文：计算机语言有低级的也有高级的。前者比较烦琐，很接近特定计算机直接能动的语言;后者比较复杂，适用范围广，能自动为多种计算机所接受。2. The law of conservation and transformation of energy is the chief basis of physical, astronomical and chemical reasoning as well as of engineering practice.译文：能量守恒和能量转换定律不仅是工程实践的主要基础，而且也是物理、天文以及化学等方面的主要基础。3. Applied science, on the other hand, is directly concerned with the application of theworking laws of pure science to the practical affairs of life, and to increasing man’s control over his environment, thus leading to the development of new techniques, processes and machines.译文：应用科学则直接涉及应用问题。它研究的是如何将纯科学的工作定律应用于实际生活、应用于加强人类对其周围环境的控制，从而导致新技术、新工艺和新机器的产生。5、另外，在科技英语长句中，很多都是专业方面的问题，除了上述的几种翻译技巧外，很多词在特定领域有特殊含义和约定俗成的翻译方法。例如：(1)MIDCOM is now using computer aided design to speed up project development. (2) Many standard heating and pumping configurations are available but for every standard unit there are give special designs deeded. (3) For example, the company reports on a recent glass furnace project for China there was a need to fa a special design proposal to Singapore within 24 hours for receiving the technical data of plant and oil. (4)Computer aided design made this possible and another export order was confirmed.译文：(1)现在MIDCOM公司正在应用计算机辅助设计新技术以加快项目的开发。(2)如果不是没一标准设置都需要进行五种专门的设计，那么许多标准加热和吸抽构造型式都可通用。(3)根据该公司透露，最近中国的一个玻璃熔窑项目中，需要在24小时内向新加坡传真发送一接受整套油处理系统设备和燃油的技术数据的特殊建议。(4)由于计算机辅助设计使这一建议成为可能，因此，又一出口的设备定货合同被确认。如果按照字面的意思解释，很可能那个领域的专家都不知道你在说什么。所以一名科技翻译，必须加强语言翻译，要具有多方面的知识和素养。科技英语的翻译技巧以及应遵循的准则关键词：科技英语;被动语态;名词化结构我们科技工作者在工作中经常需要了解国际国内交通发展的状况，借鉴国内外先进的科学技术或进行学术交流，这样不可避免地要翻阅大量的外文书刊和杂志。虽然我们在学习普通英语的基础上掌握了几千个单词的词汇量，但对科技英文书刊的查阅仍有较大的困难。科技英语(English for science and Technology，通常略为EST )，它之所以能同普通英语分道扬镳，形成一门独立的学科，很重要的原因在于它有不同于普通英语的特点，笔者根据自己多年的翻译经验，认为我们要掌握其中的几种技巧。一、首先要拥有一本好的科技词典学习普通英语几年以后，你大约掌握几千个单词的词汇量，这时你就会发现英语拥有极其丰富多彩的词汇，但在科技文章中，又会对大量的专业词汇和术语而头疼。有些词晦涩难懂，大而长，看起来吓人，如posttention(后张拉力)，prefabricate(预制)，意义比较简单，只要查一下词典就行。有些词在文章中起着举足轻重的作用。光凭上下文含义猜测其中的含义是行不通的。另外有许多词比如negotiate这比较常见的是“谈判”的意思，但是当它出现在“negotiate a bad turn”这个词组中，译成“谈判”就不合适，查查词典就知道是“顺利通过”的意思，所以翻译时选择在具体语言环境中最恰当。一本好的科技词典可以成为你的良师益友，为此笔者推荐《英汉道路词典》《汉英科技大词典》两本较好的词典。二、科技英语中大量使用被动语态被动语态在普通英语中是最基本的语法，简单易学。科技英语中大量使用被动语态，不是为了追求文章语言的艺术美，而是为了讲求叙述文章的客观，语言简洁，结构严谨，和普通英语文章有着显著不同，加深读者对所叙述事物的深刻印象，屏弃不必要的东西。例如：1. Most primary highways are built and cared for by state governments.大部分主要的公路都是由联邦政府建造和管理。这里…are built and cared for 就是被动语态2. The proportion of the various ingredients which go into concrete , the way it is mixed , and even the water which is used are very important to the finished material.制作混凝土所用的各种配料的比例，搅拌的方法，乃至所用的水，对成品材料来说都是十分重要的。此句有两处是被动语态。三、名词化结构在各类科技文章中的大量使用科技英语，在科技文体中随着科学技术发展形成一种实用正式的文体，它的名词化倾向越来越突出。翻译时可以看出它是由及物动词加-ment , -tion , -sion , -ence等后缀派生的名词。这样的表达可以语言简洁、行文自然、造句灵活、叙述准确、表达客观，符合科技文体的要求。例如：The construction of such bridges has now been realized ;its realization being supported with all the achieuements of modern science .这种桥梁的结构现在已经实现，它的实现是现代科学的伟大成就。这里construction和realization都是名词化结构四、 翻译遵循简洁准确，避免误译的原则英语是一种极富表现力的语言，汉语不仅有其发展的悠久历史，也是蕴含信息量非常丰富的语言，同样非常有利于思维。而且英汉对照翻译的学问很深，当然是“八仙过海，各显神通”。汉语具有概括性强，内涵丰富的特点，在科技文章中尤其体现的明显。我在翻译预应力混凝土这篇文章中“What does reinforced concrete mean for highway?”最初将其译成“钢筋混凝土对公路意味着什么?”后来仔细考虑还是译成“钢筋混凝土的意义”为好。翻译的时候要使译文精练，我们可以把原文中一些功能词或重复词译成较短的单词，更符合我们汉语的习惯。如：The Role and Function of Bituminous 中的The Role and Function只需译成“作用”即可。这点说明为什么大多数英汉对照本书籍必须把英文字体印得很小才能做到和汉语同步。五、在翻译时应注意词义引申翻译时，有时会碰到某些词在词典上找不到适当的词义，如任意硬套或逐词死译，译文则会生硬晦涩，难以确切表达愿意，甚至造成误解。所以，应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从其基本含义出发，进一步加以引申，选择适当的词来表达。例：The choice of material in construction of bridges is basically between steel or concrete, and main trouble with concrete is that its tensile strength is very small .桥梁建筑材料基本上仍在钢材和混凝土之间选择，而混凝土的主要缺点是抗拉强度低。六、在翻译时采用增词法和重复法增词法就是在翻译时根据句法上，意义上或修辞上的需要增加一些词，以便能更加忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。当然，增词不是随意的，而是基于英汉两种语言表达方式的差异，增加原文中虽无其词但内含其意的一些词，以使译文忠信流畅，这种情况在科技英语文献翻译时比较常见。1.根据句法上的需要:由于英汉两种语言表达方式存在差别，在英语中需要省略的成分而在汉语中需要补出才能符合汉语的习惯。2根据意义上的需要1)英语复数名词的增译：复数名词前后增译“许多”、“一些”等，使其复数意义更明确;(2)英语中表示动作名词的增译：翻译时可根据上下文语境，补充一些表示动作意义的名词：“作用”、“现象”、“方案”等;(3)在英语名词或动名词前后增译汉语动词：(4)增译解说性词：英语中常因惯用法或上下文关系。省去了不影响理解全句意义的词句。为了使译文清晰起见，翻译时必须增译一些词。3.根据修辞上的需要：英译汉时，有时需要在译文中增加一些起连贯作用的词，主要是连词、副词和代词，以达到使句子连贯、行文流畅的修辞目的。重复法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增添的词是上文出现过的词。重复法是指译文中重复原文中重要的或关键的词，以期达到两个目的;一是清楚，二是强调。从而使译文生动有力，清晰流畅。七、借助于电脑中的各种翻译软件借助于电脑中的各种翻译软件，结合上下文语境来翻译科技英语能达到事半功倍的效果。我们一般都用中英文词典来查询生词，这样不但需要经常把词典带在身边，而且在查询翻译生词的时候也会花费很多的时间。现在随着计算机技术迅速发展，网络技术的广泛普及，很多英文翻译软件可以在网络上轻松找到。而我们利用便利的网络资源很快就可以获取我们要查询翻译的英文单词，当然我们查询词汇的时候会得到很多不同的翻译结果，这时就需要我们结合上下文的语境来联系的翻译我们的文章，最终得到准确的翻译结果。我现在使用的查询软件是金山词霸2007，我在遇到很多生僻的专业词汇时就使用这些相关的翻译软件来帮我排忧解难。通过使用英文翻译软件可以使我们轻松的找到自己想查询的英文单词，使我们方便快捷的翻译出那些让我们以前花很大力气才能翻译出来的专业英语词汇，使我们的英文翻译工作达到事半功倍的效果。